4.8 KiB
| title |
|---|
| Korean grammar |
Status: 🌱
- Formal vs Casual
- What
- Time
- Counting
- Subject markers
- Object markers
- Present tense
- Past tense
- Future tense
- Present progressive
- Want
- Negation
- Verb into noun
- Can/cannot do
- Descriptive verbs
- Place
- From/to
- And/but/therefore/so
- Also/too
- Only
- Irregulars
Formal vs Casual
There are two ways of communicating in Korean
존댓말 - formal one. More polite, good default mode.
반말 - informal one - to be used with friends
Usually the difference is adding -요 to the end. Also, if there are many ways of saying/writing something, the longer one is more polite one.
What
What + verb -> 뭐 + verb
example: 뭐 했어요? -> What did you do?
What + noun = what kind of -> 무슨 + noun
example: 무슨 책 좋아해요? - what kind of books do you like?
Time
AM = 오전 PM = 오후 hour = 시 minutes = 분
time format: 오전/오후 + NK number + 시 + SK number + 분
year = 년 month = 월 day = 일
date format: SK + 년 + SK + 월 + SK + 일
Counting
what + NK number + counting word
example: 책 다섯 권 = five books
| word | what it counts | comments |
|---|---|---|
| 살 | age (years old) | can't use 개 |
| 명 | people | can't use 개 |
| 마리 | animal | can't use 개 |
| 병 | bottle | |
| 벌 | clothes | |
| 개 | "thing" | can be used for other words unless specified otherwise |
| 그루 | tree | |
| 켤레 | a pair | |
| 장 | paper, page, ticket | also works for e-tickets |
| 권 | book | |
| 대 | car, phone, tv | from what I understand "expensive" things |
| 조각 | piece | |
| 송이 | flower | |
| 컵 | cup | for cheap/take-away coffee etc |
| 잔 | glass | for expensive/proper coffee cup etc |
Subject markers
-은/-는
"unlike other things"
"different from other things"
example
이거는 사과 예요.
(The other things are not apples, but) this is an apple.
-이/-가
example
이 책이 좋아요.
This book is good
(there are no other books as good as this one)
Object markers
-을/-를
Present tense
- Ends with ㅏ or ㅗ = add 아요
- Doesn't end with ㅏ or ㅗ = add 어요
- Ends with 하 = add 여요
Past tense
- Ends with ㅏ or ㅗ = add 았어요
- Doesn't end with ㅏ or ㅗ = add 었어요
- Ends with 하 = add 였어요
Future tense
Add (으)ㄹ 거예요.
Present progressive (-ing)
Add -고 있어요
Want
Add -구 싶어요
Negation
- 안 before verb
- negative verb ending -지 않다
Verb into noun
- Drop 다
- Add 기
example
보다 - to see
부기 - seeing
Can/cannot do
- Drop 다
- Add (으)ㄹ 수 있다/없다
Descriptive verbs
verb stem + 아/어/여 + 하다
example 슬퍼요 - I am sad
슬퍼해요 - "to feel sad"/"express such emotions"
(for feelings only descriptive form can be used for other people)
Place
-에 = at, to, in
example
학교에 갔어요 - I went to school
-에서 = at, in, from
used to
- Describe where action is taking place (도서관에서 궁부했어요 = I studied in the library)
- Describe "from place" (서울에서 왔어요 = I came from Seoul)
From/to
From
- -에서 -> for location
- -부터 -> for time
To
까지 (for both location and time)
From/to someone
- -한테 = to/from someone
- -한테서 = from someone
And/But/Therefore/So
And
- 그리구 = and, and then.
- -하구 = and (used for nouns)
- -(이)랑 = and (for nouns), also "with"
2 and 3 can be combined with "같이", which means "together"
But
- 그렇지만 - gives "disappointment" vibes
- 그런데 - can be used as "and"
- 근데 - shorter form, used in speaking
Therefore/so
그래서
Also/too
-도
저도 좋아해요 - I like it too
도 can emphasise different things in a sentence
-기도 하다
먹기도 해요 - I also eat
Only
-만
아침에는 커피만 마셔요 (I only drink coffee in the morning)
아침에만 커피 마셔요 (I drink coffee only in the morning)
Only + verb
- verb in noun form
- add -만 하다
Irregulars
| ends with | change |
|---|---|
| ㅅ | remove ㅅ |
| ㄷ | ㄷ => ㄹ |
| last vowel ㅗ + ㅂ | remove ㅂ, add 오아 |
| last vowel not ㅗ + ㅂ | remove ㅂ, add 우어 |
| vowel in 2nd last syllable ㅏ/ㅗ + ㅡ | ㅡ => ㅏ |
| vowel in 2nd last syllable not ㅏ/ㅗ + ㅡ | ㅡ => ㅓ |
| last vowel ㅏ/ㅗ + 르 | 르 => ㄹ + 라 |
| last vowel not ㅏ/ㅗ + 르 | 르 => ㄹ + 러 |