371 lines
8.4 KiB
Markdown
371 lines
8.4 KiB
Markdown
---
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title: Korean grammar
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---
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<status>Status: 🌿 </status>
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- [Formal vs Casual](#formal)
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- [What](#what)
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- [Time](#time)
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- [Counting](#counting)
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- [Subject markers](#subject)
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- [Object markers](#object)
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- [Present tense](#present)
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- [Past tense](#past)
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- [Future tense](#future)
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- [Present progressive](#ing)
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- [Want](#want)
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- [Negation](#negation)
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- [Verb into noun](#verbintonoun)
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- [Can/cannot do](#cancannot)
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- [Descriptive verbs](#descriptivecerbs)
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- [Place](#place)
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- [From/to](#fromto)
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- [And/but/therefore/so](#andbut)
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- [Also/too](#also)
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- [Only](#only)
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- [Irregulars](#irregulars)
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- [More than](#morethan)
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- [If/in case](#if)
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- [Still/already](#stillalready)
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- [Someone/Something/Somewhere/Someday](#somex)
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- [Imprerative](#imperative)
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- [Have to/Should/Must](#haveshouldmust)
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- [Method/way](#method/way)
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- [All/more](#allmore)
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- [Don't do it](#dontdoit)
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- [Verbs that require nouns](#vnounsreq)
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### Formal vs Casual {#formal}
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There are two ways of communicating in Korean
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존댓말 - formal one. More polite, good `default` mode.
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반말 - informal one - to be used with friends
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Usually the difference is adding -요 to the end. Also, if there are many ways of saying/writing something, the longer one is more polite one.
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### What {#what}
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###### What + verb -> 뭐 + verb
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example: 뭐 했어요? -> What did you do?
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###### What + noun = what kind of -> 무슨 + noun
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example: 무슨 책 좋아해요? - what kind of books do you like?
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### Time {#time}
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AM = 오전
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PM = 오후
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hour = 시
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minutes = 분
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time format: 오전/오후 + NK number + 시 + SK number + 분
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year = 년
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month = 월
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day = 일
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date format: SK + 년 + SK + 월 + SK + 일
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### Counting {#counting}
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what + NK number + counting word
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example: 책 다섯 권 = five books
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|word|what it counts|comments|
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|---|---|---|
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|살|age (years old)|can't use 개|
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|명|people|can't use 개|
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|마리|animal|can't use 개|
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|병|bottle||
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|벌|clothes||
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|개|"thing"|can be used for other words unless specified otherwise|
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|그루|tree||
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|켤레|a pair||
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|장|paper, page, ticket|also works for e-tickets|
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|권|book||
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|대|car, phone, tv|from what I understand "expensive" things|
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|조각|piece||
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|송이|flower||
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|컵|cup|for cheap/take-away coffee etc|
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|잔|glass|for expensive/proper coffee cup etc|
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### Subject markers {#subject}
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**-은/-는**
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"unlike other things"
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"different from other things"
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**example**
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이거는 사과 예요.
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(The other things are not apples, but) this is an apple.
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-이/-가
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**example**
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이 책이 좋아요.
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This book is good
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(there are no other books as good as this one)
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### Object markers {#object}
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-을/-를
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### Present tense {#present}
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1. Ends with ㅏ or ㅗ = add 아요
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2. Doesn't end with ㅏ or ㅗ = add 어요
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3. Ends with 하 = add 여요
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### Past tense {#past}
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1. Ends with ㅏ or ㅗ = add 았어요
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2. Doesn't end with ㅏ or ㅗ = add 었어요
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3. Ends with 하 = add 였어요
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### Future tense {#future}
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Add (으)ㄹ 거예요.
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### Present progressive (-ing) {#ing}
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Add -고 있어요
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### Want {#want}
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Add -구 싶어요
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### Negation {#negation}
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1. 안 before verb
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2. negative verb ending -지 않다
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### Verb into noun {#verbintonoun}
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1. Drop 다
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2. Add 기
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**example**
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보다 - to see
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부기 - seeing
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### Can/cannot do {#cancannot}
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1. Drop 다
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2. Add (으)ㄹ 수 있다/없다
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### Descriptive verbs {#descriptiveverbs}
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verb stem + 아/어/여 + 하다
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**example**
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슬퍼요 - I am sad
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슬퍼해요 - "to feel sad"/"express such emotions"
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(for feelings only descriptive form can be used for other people)
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### Place {#place}
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-에 = at, to, in
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**example**
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학교에 갔어요 - I went to school
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-에서 = at, in, from
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used to
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1. Describe where action is taking place (도서관에서 궁부했어요 = I studied in the library)
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2. Describe "from place" (서울에서 왔어요 = I came from Seoul)
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### From/to {#fromto}
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##### From
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1. -에서 -> for location
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2. -부터 -> for time
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##### To
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까지 (for both location and time)
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##### From/to someone
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1. -한테 = to/from someone
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2. -한테서 = from someone
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### And/But/Therefore/So {#andbut}
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##### And
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1. 그리고 = and, and then.
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2. -하구 = and (used for nouns)
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3. -(이)랑 = and (for nouns), also "with"
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2 and 3 can be combined with "같이", which means "together"
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##### But
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1. 그렇지만 - gives "disappointment" vibes
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2. 그런데 - can be used as "and"
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3. 근데 - shorter form, used in speaking
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##### Therefore/so
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그래서
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### Also/too {#also}
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-도
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저도 좋아해요 - I like it too
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*도 can emphasise different things in a sentence*
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-기도 하다
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먹기도 해요 - I also eat
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### Only {#only}
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-만
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아침에는 커피만 마셔요 (I only drink coffee in the morning)
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아침에만 커피 마셔요 (I drink coffee only in the morning)
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Only + verb
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1. verb in noun form
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2. add -만 하다
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### Irregulars {#irregulars}
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|ends with|change|
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|ㅅ|remove ㅅ|
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|ㄷ|ㄷ => ㄹ|
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|last vowel ㅗ + ㅂ| remove ㅂ, add 오아|
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|last vowel not ㅗ + ㅂ| remove ㅂ, add 우어|
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|vowel in 2nd last syllable ㅏ/ㅗ + ㅡ|ㅡ => ㅏ|
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|vowel in 2nd last syllable not ㅏ/ㅗ + ㅡ|ㅡ => ㅓ|
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|last vowel ㅏ/ㅗ + 르|르 => ㄹ + 라|
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|last vowel not ㅏ/ㅗ + 르|르 => ㄹ + 러|
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### More than {#morethan}
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A보다 더 = more than A
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수박은 사과부다 더 커요 = A watermelon is bigger than an apple
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### If/in case {#if}
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- 만약 - (optional) in case/if
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- -(으)면 = verb ending for "if"
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- ends with no 받침 or ㄹ -> add -면
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- ends with 받침 other than ㄹ -> add -으면
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_examples_:
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1. 만약 지금 자면, 일찍 일어 날 수 있어요 - If I sleep now, I can wake up early
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2. 지금 자면, 일찍 일어 날 수 있어요 - I can wake up early, if I sleep now
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### Still/already {#stillalready}
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- 아직 - still, not yet
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- 아직도 - still + even/also -> "still (not) happening". Sound critical/being a little mad or angry
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- 이미 - already, when you know about something
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- 벌써 - when you are just finding out about somthing
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### Someone/Something/Somewhere/Someday {#somex}
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1. 누구 (who) + -ㄴ가 = 누군가 (someone)
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2. 뭐 (what) + -ㄴ가 = 뭔가/무언가 (something)
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3. 어디 (where) + -ㄴ가 = 어딘가 (somewhere)
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4. 언제 (when) + -ㄴ가 = 언젠가 (someday)
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Even when intended meaning is "someday", 언제 can be used instead of 언젠가. Same goes for 뭐/어디/누구.
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*examples:*
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1. 누구 만날 거예요? - whom will you meet?
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2. 누군가 만날 거예요? - will you meet somebody?
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3. 뭐 찾았어요? - what did you find?
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4. 뭔가 찾았어요? - did you find something?
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### Imperative {#imperative}
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Fixed expressions using '-세요'
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- 어서오세요 - Welcome
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- 안녕히 가세요 - goodbye
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- 안녕히 계세요 - goodbye
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- 안녕히 주무세요 - goodnight
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1. If you want to tell somebody to do something
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- Verb ending with vowel or ㄹ - add -세요
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- Verb ending with consonant other than ㄹ - add -으세요
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2. Please do it for me.
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- It has much *nicer tone*
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- Has nuance of asking someone for a favour or asking someone to do sth "for you"
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- 아/어/여 주세요
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*examples*:
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1. 아이스크림 사세요 - please buy yourself some icecream
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2. 아이스크림 사 주세요 - please buy **me** some ice cream
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줘요 is less formal 주세요, but more polite than just -세요.
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### Have to/Should/Must {#haveshouldmust}
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-아야/어야/여야 + 되다/하다
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### Method/way {#methodway}
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-(으)로
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1. Made with x - 뭐로 이거 만들었어요? - what did you make this with?
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2. Come by x - 오늘 택시로 왔어요? - did you come by taxi today?
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3. Do x using y - 카드로 낼 거예요 - I will pay by card
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4. Get hurt/sick - 사구로 다치다 - to get hurt in an accident
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5. To be famous for x - 프랑스는 치즈로 유명해요 - France is famous for its cheese
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6. Path - 이 길로 가다 - to go this path
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### All/more {#allmore}
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- 다 - all
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- 더 - more
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### Don't do it {#dontdoit}
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add -지 마세요
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### Verbs that require nouns {#vnounsreq}
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Some verbs require nouns to make sense. "To sing"/"To dance"/"To draw" makes no sense if it's not specified **what**
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examples with most *generic* nouns:
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1. To eat - (밥을) 먹다
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- 밥(을) 먹어요 - I eat
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- 뭔가 먹어요 - I eat something
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2. To draw - (그림을) 그리다
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- 그림 그려료 - I draw
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- 강아지 그려요 - I draw a dog
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3. To dance - (춤을) 추다
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- 춤을 춰요 - I dance
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- 힙합을 춰요 - I dance hip-hop
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4. To sing - (노래를) 부르다/하다
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- 노래 불러요 - I sing
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- 케이팝 불러요 - I sing K-pop |